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Higher criticism of the Bible, also known as the historical-critical method, is a scholarly approach that analyzes biblical texts like other ancient documents to understand their historical origins and development. It investigates questions of authorship, date, sources, and composition, often questioning traditional assumptions and looking at the Bible through a secular, historical lens. This is distinct from "lower" or textual criticism,which focuses on establishing the most reliable version of the biblical text itself.
Core principles and goals
Examines historical context:
It seeks to understand the "world behind the text," including the social, cultural, and political circumstances in which it was written.
It challenges traditional views of authorship, suggesting that some biblical books may not have been written by the figures traditionally credited but compiled from various sources over time (e.g., the
Documentary Hypothesis for the Pentateuch).
Analyzes literary sources:
It investigates the literary sources and influences that may have been used in the composition of biblical books.
Distinguishes from textual criticism:
While lower or textual criticism focuses on the physical manuscripts and variant readings to determine the most accurate text, higher criticism focuses on the origins and development of the text as a whole.
Implications and applications
Provides historical context:
The method can "throw floods of light" on the Scriptures by revealing the historical and literary context of the writings.
Can contradict tradition:
In some cases, the findings of higher criticism contradict church tradition or the internal claims of the biblical text itself.
Raises questions of faith:
Some scholars see higher criticism as compatible with faith, while others find its secular and skeptical presuppositions incompatible with the belief in divine inspiration and miracles.
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