Treason is the crime of betraying one's country or sovereign state, typically through actions such as attempting to overthrow the government, waging war against the state, or helping an enemy.
U.S. Constitutional Definition
Under Article III, Section 3 of the U.S. Constitution Annotated, treason against the United States is strictly defined as:
- Levying war against the United States (requiring an actual assembly of people acting for a treasonable purpose)
- Adhering to its enemies, giving them aid and comfort
Requirements for Conviction
To prevent governments from using vague treason charges to silence political opponents, the U.S. legal system sets a high burden of proof:
- Conviction requires the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or a confession in open court.
- Thoughts, attitudes, or simple political opposition do not constitute treason.
Penalties and Related Terms
- Penalties: Under 18 U.S.C. § 2381, a person convicted of treason faces the death penalty or imprisonment for at least five years, a fine of at least $10,000, and disqualification from holding any federal office.
- Espionage vs. Sedition: Treason involves betraying allegiance to aid enemies or fight the state. Espionage involves spying or leaking defense secrets, while sedition involves conspiring or inciting resistance against government operations without open warfare.
