Regions Under Early Islamic Expansion (7th-10th Centuries)
- Middle East & North Africa: Syria, Iraq, Iran, Egypt, Levant, Arabian Peninsula (modern-day Saudi Arabia, Yemen, etc.), North Africa (Maghreb).
- Central Asia & Caucasus: Persian Empire, parts of modern-day Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, etc..
- Europe: Iberian Peninsula (Spain, Portugal), Sicily.
- South Asia: Parts of Afghanistan, Baluchistan, and the Indian subcontinent.
Later Islamic Empires & Influence
- Mughal Empire: Dominated large parts of the Indian subcontinent (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh).
- Ottoman Empire: Controlled Southeast Europe (Balkans), Anatolia, Middle East, North Africa.
- West African Empires: Gao, Songhai, Sokoto Caliphate.
Modern Muslim-Majority Countries
Today, over 50 Muslim-majority countries exist from Morocco to Indonesia, many of which were shaped by these historical Islamic empires, though most later faced European colonization themselves (e.g., Algeria, Nigeria, Indonesia, India).
Today, over 50 Muslim-majority countries exist from Morocco to Indonesia, many of which were shaped by these historical Islamic empires, though most later faced European colonization themselves (e.g., Algeria, Nigeria, Indonesia, India).
Key Takeaway: The spread of Islam involved conquests that established vast empires (Caliphates, Ottomans, Mughals), not just European-style colonization, leading to enduring Islamic cultures in diverse nations from West Africa to Southeast Asia.
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